Diplodia seriata
Diplodia seriata De Not., Mém. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2 7: 26 (1845)
Index Fungorum number: 180468; Facesofungi number: FoF 03596
Holotype: ITALY, on dead stems of Jasminium sp., 18 August 1837, De Notaris (HERB RO).
Epitype: PORTUGAL, Montemor-o-Novo, on dead stems of Vitis vinifera, 31 July 1997, A.J.L. Phillips, CBS-H 19809, ex-epitype culture CBS 112555.
Pathogenic or Saprobic on dead branch of Rosa canina L. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 220–265 μm high × 260–380 μm diam. (x̄ = 245 × 340 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, stromatic, solitary or clustered, immersed in the host, erumpent at maturity, dark brown to black, ostiolate, apapillate. Peridium 25–35 μm wide, outer and inner layers composed of dark brown and thin-walled hyaline textura angularis. Conidiogenous cells 10–22 μm high × 4–6 μm wide, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical, swollen at the base, discrete, producing a single conidium at the apex. Conidia 21–27 × 11– 16 μm (x̄ = 24 × 13 μm, n = 50), globose to subglobose, with rounded apex, initially hyaline, becoming dark brown, wall moderately thick.
Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on WA within 12 h and germ tubes produced from both ends. Colonies growing on PDA, covering the entire plate in 5 days at 28 °C, mycelium grey to olivaceous black at the surface and olivaceous black from below.
Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlı`-Cesena [FC], Passo del Barbotto, Mercato Saraceno, on dead aerial branch and spines of Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae), 29 November 2014, Erio Camporesi, IT 2254 (MFLU 15-1311), living culture MFLUCC 17-0954.
GenBank Numbers: ITS: MG828896, TEF: MG829266.
Note: During our investigation on the diversity of microfungi in Italy, an isolate (MFLUCC 17–0954) was recovered from Rosa spines in Forli-Cesena Province. This new isolate shares a close phylogenetic affinity to Diplodia seriata (CBS 112555) in our combined ITS and TEF sequenced data analyses. This relationship is only supported in our ML analysis, whereas other analyses yielded no support. However, nucleotides of the ITS and TEF regions are identical and we therefore introduce MFLUCC 17–0954 as another strain for Diplodia seriata. Diplodia rosae, D. rosarum, D. spurca have also been reported from Rosa in Bulgaria, California, Cuba, Greece, Pakistan, Spain and Ukraine (Farr and Rossman 2017) although these records are not backed up with molecular data. This is the first record of Diplodia seriata on Rosa.
Figure 1. Diplodia seriata (MFLU 15–1311) a–b Conidiomata on host, c Cross section of the conidioma, d Immature and mature conidia with conidiogenous cells. e Immature conidia with conidiogenous cells. f Pale yellow conidia with conidiogenous cells. g Mature, dark brown conidia attached to conidiogenous cell. h–i Mature dark brown conidia. Scale bars: b-c = 150 μm, d = 50, e-j = 10 μm.
Diplodia seriata De Not., Mém. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2 7: 26 (1845)
Saprobic on dead aerial stem of Onobrychis sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, stromatic, separate or aggregated and confluent, visible as black dots on host surface, immersed in the host, slightly raised, partially emergent at maturity, dark brown to black, ostiolate, apapillate. Pycnidial walls thick-walled, outer layers composed of dark brown cells, of textura angularis, inner layers composed of thin-walled, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical, swollen at the base, discrete, producing a single conidium at the tip, indeterminate. Conidia 18–26 × 8–12 μm (x̄ = 21 × 10 μm, n = 30) initially hyaline, becoming dark brown, moderately thick-walled, aseptate, ovoid, widest in the middle, apex obtuse, base truncate or rounded.
Culture characteristics: Colonies reaching 90 mm diam. on PDA after 5 days in the dark at 25 °C. Initially, mycelia were white thick, superficial, branched, septate, hyaline, smooth, with age developing dense aerial mycelium. Initially both upper and reverse were white with age become black.
Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena [FC], Civitella di Romagna, on the dead aerial stem of Onobrychis L. (Fabaceae), 21 April 2018, E. Camporesi, IT 3835 (MFLU 18-1120), living culture, JZB3140013.
Known host and distribution: Occurring on a wide range of hosts including Abies, Alnus sp., Citrus sp., Malus sp., Prunus sp., and Vitis sp. This species has been reported in different geographical localities. There are 271 records belonging to Diplodia seriata (Farr and Rossman 2020).
GenBank numbers: ITS = MN533807; TEF1-α = MN883826.
Notes: The Diplodia strain obtained in present study morphologically fits well within Diplodia. It developed a clade with Diplodia seriata representative strains (CBS 112555 and CBS 119049). The taxa identified in the present study are similar to the original description of Diplodia seriata (Phillips et al. 2013). However, in both MP and ML trees the branch length of current isolates was longer than in the other two Diplodia strains. Therefore we compared pairwise nucleotide difference between the type strain CBS 112555 and strain isolated in this study. 100% nucleotide similarities were observed for ITS across 512 nucleotides and 91% nucleotide similarities were observed in TEF1-α across 266 nucleotides. Diplodia species have wide range of hosts including economically important crops (Phillips et al. 2013; Dissanayake et al. 2017). However this is the first time a Diplodia species has been reported on Onobrychis (Farr and Rossman 2020).
Figure 2. Diplodia seriata (MFLU 18-1120, new host record). a Material examined. b Appearance of conidia on the host surface. c Conidiogenus cell with attached conidia. d–g Conidia sporulated on PDA. h Upper view of colony on PDA. i Reverse view of colony on PDA. Scale bars: c–e = 20 μm, f–g = 10 μm.
References:
Dissanayake AJ, Camporesi E, Hyde KD, Yan JY et al. 2017 – Saprobic Botryosphaeriaceae, including Dothiorella italica sp. nov., associated with urban and forest trees in Italy. Mycosphere 8, 1157–1176.
Farr DF, Rossman AY 2017 – Fungal databases, systematic mycology and microbiology laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/.
Farr DF, Rossman AY 2020 – Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/.
Hyde KD, Dong Y, Phookamsak R, Jeewon R et al. 2020 – Fungal diversity notes 1151–1276: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 16, 1–273.
Phillips AJL, Alves A, Abdollahzadeh J, Slippers B et al. 2013 – The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture. Studies in Mycology 76, 51–167.
Wanasinghe DN, Phukhamsakda C, Hyde KD, Jeewon R, Lee HB, Jones EG, Tibpromma S, Tennakoon DS, Dissanayake AJ, Jayasiri SC, Gafforov Y, Camporesi E, Bulgakov TS, Ekanayake AH, Perera RH, Samarakoon MC, Goonasekara ID, Mapook A, Li WJ, Senanayake IC, Li J, Norphanphoun C, Doilom M, Bahkali M, Xu J, Mortimer PE, Tibell L, Tibell S, Karunarathna SC 2018 – Fungal diversity notes 709–839: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa with an emphasis on fungi on Rosaceae. Fungal diversity 89, 1–236.
Saprotrophic on dead and aerial branches of Vitis vinifera. Sexual morph: Not observed (see Philips et al. 2013 for description). Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, separate or aggregated and confluent, immersed in the host, partially emergent at maturity, dark brown to black, ostiolate, apapillate, thick-walled, outer layers composed of dark brown textura angularis, inner layers of thin-walled hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 3–6 × 7–12 μm, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical, swollen at the base, discrete, producing a single conidium at the tip, indeterminate, proliferating internally giving rise to periclinal thickenings or proliferating percurrently forming 2–3 annellations. Conidia 22–28 × 11–15 μm (x̄ = 25 × 12 μm, n=20), initially hyaline, becoming dark brown, moderately thick-walled, wall externally smooth, roughened on the inner surface, aseptate, ovoid, widest in the middle, apex obtuse, base truncate or rounded.
Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA pale mouse grey to mouse grey, reverse dark mouse grey to fuscous black with sinuate edge, attaining 80 mm diam. in 7 days. Mycelium dark, septate, appressed to the medium surface.
Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Trivella di Predappio, on dead and aerial branch of Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae), 9 December 2015, Erio Camporesi IT 136 (MFLU 15-1081); culture, MFLUCC 17-1190, 17-1191; ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Trivella di Predappio, on dead and aerial branch of Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae), 9 December 2015, Erio Camporesi IT 2726 (MFLU 16-0648); culture, MFLUCC 17-1251, 17-1252, 17-1253; ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Trivella di Predappio, on dead and aerial branch of Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae), 9 December 2015, Erio Camporesi IT 2809 (MFLU 16-0514); culture, MFLUCC 17-1264, 17-1265.
Notes: Species of Diplodia are well-known to be associated with Botryosphaeria die back of grapevine worldwide. Diplodia seriata has been recorded as a saprobe or a weak secondary pathogen of grapevine (Úrbez-Torres et al. 2008). This species has also been recorded as a pathogen causing brown streaking of the wood and canker as well die back and “black dead arm” (Auger et al. 2004).
Figure 3. Diplodia seriata. a, b. Conidiomata on host tissue. c. Conidiogenous cells with developing conidia. d. Mature conidia. e. Upper view of 7 day old culture. f. Reverse view of 7 day old culture. Scale bars: c, d =20 μm.
References:
Auger J, Esterio M, Ricke G, Perez I. 2004 – Black dead arm and basal canker of Vitis vinifera cv. red globe cause by Botryosphaeria obtuse in Chile. Plant Disease 88, 1286.
Úrbez-Torres JR, Leavitt GM, Guerrero JC, Guevara J et al. 2008 – Identification and
pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Diplodia seriata, the causal agents of bot canker disease of Grapevines in Mexico. Plant Disease 92, 519–529.
Jayawardena RS, Hyde KD, Chethana KW, Daranagama DA et al. 2018 – Saprotrophic fungi on Vitis in China, Italy, Russia and Thailand. Mycosphere notes 9, 1–114.
Last Update: 03 September 2021